Catheter-related Infections in Pediatric Patients Due to a Rare Pathogen: Herbaspirillum huttiense.

BACKGROUND: Herbaspirillum species are nonfermenting, aerobic, helical or curved, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the class Betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales. To date, only a few studies have reported on the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, treatment and outcomes of Herbaspirillum huttiense -related infections in pediatric patients. METHODS: The aim of this study was to present 3 years of H.Huntiense data, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, systemic antibiotics and antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) options and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Fourteen episodes of infection in 12 patients were included in this retrospective study. The patients had a male/female ratio of 1:1 and a median age of 160.5 months (range, 3-198 months). Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) was detected in 11 patients. Only 1 patient developed catheter-related infective endocarditis. The patient's catheter was removed, and she was successfully treated with systemic antibiotics for 4 weeks. Systemic antibiotics were used in all infections related to H. huttiense . In septic, critically ill patients, the catheter was removed, and systemic antibiotics were started. Port catheters were removed in 5 patients. ALT was performed in clinically stable patients. ALT using amikacin was administered to 6 patients through the port catheter. Two patients had a 2nd attack. After the 2nd ALT treatment, 1 patient cured, and the catheter of the other patient was removed due to persistent microbial growth in cultures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the reported isolates showed susceptibility to meropenem (90%), ceftazidime (87%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (65%), with 92% resistance to colistin. CONCLUSION: H. huttiense is an emerging pathogen in CRBSI. Piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime and meropenem appear to be good therapeutic options for the treatment of H. huttiense infections. ALT and systemic antibiotics can be used in H. huttiense -CRBSI to sterilize and preserve the central venous catheter.

Radiographic findings of adenoviral pneumonia in children.

OBJECTIVE: Adenovirus pneumonia is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in children and can mimic bacterial pneumonia, but there are few publications on its radiographic features. This study has evaluated the chest radiography findings of community-acquired adenovirus pneumonia in children. The frequency of radiological findings mimicking bacterial pneumonia was investigated. The clinical features of patients with adenovirus pneumonia possessing radiological findings mimicking bacterial pneumonia were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest radiographs of patients diagnosed with adenovirus pneumonia were retrospectively reviewed. The chest radiographs were interpreted independently by a pediatric infectious disease specialist and a pediatric radiologist. Chest radiography findings mimicking bacterial pneumonia (bacterial-like) were specified as consolidation +/- pleural effusion. Other findings on chest radiography or a completely normal chest X-ray were specified as findings that were compatible with "typical viral pneumonia". RESULTS: A total of 1407 patients were positive for adenovirus with respiratory multiplex PCR. The 219 patients who met the study criteria were included in the study. Chest radiographs were normal in 58 (26.5 %) patients. The chest radiograph findings mimicked bacterial pneumonia in 41 (18.7 %) patients. CONCLUSION: Adenovirus pneumonia occurs predominantly in children aged five years and younger, as with other viral pneumonias. The radiographic findings in adenovirus pneumonia are predominantly those seen in viral pneumonia. Increasing age and positivity for only adenovirus without other viruses on respiratory multiplex PCR were associated with the chest radiograph being more likely to be "bacterial-like". Adenovirus may lead to lobar/segmental consolidation at a rate that is not very rare.

Three Cases of Catheter-related Bloodstream Infection Caused by Phialemonium curvata : A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: With recent developments in the field of microbiology, an increasing number of yeasts and molds with the potential to cause infections in humans are identified every year. In addition to the challenges in identifying clinical isolates, there is limited antifungal susceptibility data available for Phialemonium species, leading to uncertainty in optimal treatment recommendations. METHODS: In this article, catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by Phialemonium curvata (previously Phialemonium curvatum ) in 3 immunosuppressed patients are presented. Furthermore, the literature was reviewed to identify the clinical spectrum and treatment approaches for the reported infections. RESULTS: The cases presented here were analyzed along with 24 cases reported in the literature. Among all cases, 21 (77.7%) patients had an underlying condition. Nine (33.3%) patients had hematological/oncological malignancies and solid organ transplants. Twenty-two (81.4%) patients had a history of device or invasive interventions. Surgical procedures, removal of contaminated devices or tissue were found to reduce the risk of death by 86.7%. Correspondence analysis revealed a significant association between antifungal treatment and outcome ( P < 0.001). The correspondence analysis could explain 53.9% of this relationship. Monotherapy and combination therapy were associated with survival. While salvage treatment or no antifungal therapy was associated with mortality, intravitreal injection or topical application of voriconazole was associated with sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical intervention and removal of contaminated devices or tissue should be considered at an early stage.

Admission and follow-up cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in BNT162b2 Vaccine-Related myocarditis in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on the pattern and severity of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 vaccination associated myocarditis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to define the myocardial damage occurring after BNT162b2 vaccination, raise awareness about adverse reactions developing after vaccination, and determine the patterns and scope of Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 9 patients diagnosed with vaccine-associated myopericarditis were followed up. RESULTS: The mean age of the patient at diagnosis was 15.3 ± 1.0 (range: 14-17) years, and all patients were male. Seven patients presented with myocarditis symptoms after their second vaccine dose, one patient presented with pericarditis symptoms after his first dose, and the other patient presented with myocarditis symptoms after his booster dose. The median time at presenting to the hospital was 3 (range: 2-22) days. Seven (77.7%) patients had abnormal electrocardiography (ECG) findings, and the most prevalent finding was diffuse ST-segment elevation. Initial cardiac MRI results were abnormal in all patients, where 8 (88.8%) patients had late gadolinium enhancement, and 5 (55.5%) had myocardial edoema. Three patients showed local left ventricular wall-motion abnormalities. In their follow-up MRIs 3-6 months later, myocardial edoema was present in 2 (28.5%) patients, while late gadolinium enhancement was present in all patients (7/7, 100%, 2 patients did not have control MRI time). Hypokinetic segments were still present in one of the 3 patients. No negative cardiac events were observed in the short-term follow-up of any patient. CONCLUSION: Further follow-up evaluation and larger multicenter studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of persistent cardiac MRI abnormalities.

Pediatric Invasive Aspergillosis: a Retrospective Review of 59 Cases.

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to present our 10-year IA experience at a single center. Fifty-nine pediatric patients with IA were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio was 42/17. The median age was 8.75 years. Hematologic malignancy was present in the majority of the patients (40/59, 68%). The mean neutropenia duration was 18.5 days. Cytosine arabinoside was the most common immunosuppressive therapy directed at T cells during IA diagnosis. IA cases were categorized as proven (27%), probable (51%), or possible (22%) according to the 2008 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria. The lungs (78%) were the most common site of IA, and nodules were the most frequent radiological findings (75.5%). In 38 patients (64.4%) receiving antifungal prophylaxis, prophylactic agents included fluconazole (30.5%), liposomal amphotericin B (23.7%), posaconazole (8.5%), and voriconazole (1.7%). Initial treatment was most commonly administered as monotherapy (69.5%). The median antifungal treatment duration was 67 days. Eleven deaths (18.6%) were due to aspergillosis. With the increased use of corticosteroids, biological agents, and intensive immunosuppressive chemotherapy, IA will most likely continue to occur frequently in pediatric patients.

Twins with meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis.

Introduction: The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease is highest in infants and young children. Case report: Twin infants diagnosed two days apart with meningitis due to N. meningitidis serogroup B are presented. Conclusions: There has never been a report of concurrent meningococcal meningitis in twin brothers. We wanted to highlight the high likelihood of meningococcal transmission through household contacts and the importance of antibiotic prophylaxis and meningococcal vaccination recommendations for close contacts of these cases.

Do parents vaccinated against COVID-19 protect their children from hospitalization due to COVID-19?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether parental vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevents hospitalization of COVID-19-infected children. METHODS: This study was based on data obtained from the records of pediatric patients that were followed up for virologically proven COVID-19 infection between August and October 2021, during which time the delta variant was dominant in Turkey and the children were isolating at home. RESULTS: There were 151 patients in the inpatient group and 218 in the outpatient group; the mean age was 172.5 and 145.5 months in the groups, respectively. The rates of obesity (22.5% and 6.4%, respectively, p < 0.001) and neurological-neurodevelopmental disorders (8.6% and 1.4%, respectively, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the inpatient group than in the outpatient group. Of the outpatients' parents, 67.4% (n = 147) were fully vaccinated vs. 38.4% (n = 58) in the inpatient group. In all, 39.7% (n = 60) of the inpatients' parents were unvaccinated vs. 18.3% (n = 40) in the outpatient group. There was a significant correlation between the vaccination status and the patient groups (p < 0.001); it was determined that the COVID-19 infection would be mild in children if both parents were fully vaccinated. When both parents were fully vaccinated against COVID-19, the hospitalization rate decreased and the outpatient follow-up rate increased. CONCLUSION: Having both parents fully vaccinated against COVID-19 can indirectly protect their subsequently infected children from hospitalization and the long-term effects of infection. Nonetheless, more comprehensive research on delta and non-delta variants is needed.

COVID-19 associated multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in 614 children with and without overlap with Kawasaki disease-Turk MIS-C study group.

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) diagnosis remains difficult because the clinical features overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD). The study aims to highlight the clinical and laboratory features and outcomes of patients with MISC whose clinical manifestations overlap with or without KD. This study is a retrospective analysis of a case series designed for patients aged 1 month to 18 years in 28 hospitals between November 1, 2020, and June 9, 2021. Patient demographics, complaints, laboratory results, echocardiographic results, system involvement, and outcomes were recorded. A total of 614 patients were enrolled; the median age was 7.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 3.9-12 years). A total of 277 (45.1%) patients with MIS-C had manifestations that overlapped with KD, including 92 (33.3%) patients with complete KD and 185 (66.7%) with incomplete KD. Lymphocyte and platelet counts were significantly lower in patients with MISC, overlapped with KD (lymphocyte count 1080 vs. 1280 cells × µL, p = 0.028; platelet count 166 vs. 216 cells × 103/µL, p < 0.001). The median serum procalcitonin levels were statistically higher in patients overlapped with KD (3.18 vs. 1.68 µg/L, p = 0.001). Coronary artery dilatation was statistically significant in patients with overlap with KD (13.4% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.007), while myocarditis was significantly more common in patients without overlap with KD features (2.6% vs 7.4%, p = 0.009). The association between clinical and laboratory findings and overlap with KD was investigated. Age > 12 years reduced the risk of overlap with KD by 66% (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.217-0.550), lethargy increased the risk of overlap with KD by 2.6-fold (p = 0.011, 95% CI 1.244-5.439), and each unit more albumin (g/dl) reduced the risk of overlap with KD by 60% (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.298-0.559). CONCLUSION: Almost half of the patients with MISC had clinical features that overlapped with KD; in particular, incomplete KD was present. The median age was lower in patients with KD-like features. Lymphocyte and platelet counts were lower, and ferritin and procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in patients with overlap with KD. WHAT IS KNOWN: • In some cases of MIS-C, the clinical symptoms overlap with Kawasaki disease. • Compared to Kawasaki disease, lymphopenia was an independent predictor of MIS-C. WHAT IS NEW: • Half of the patients had clinical features that overlapped with Kawasaki disease. • In patients whose clinical features overlapped with KD, procalcitonin levels were almost 15 times higher than normal. • Lethargy increased the risk of overlap with KD by 2.6-fold in MIS-C patients. • Transient bradycardia was noted in approximately 10% of our patients after initiation of treatment.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 in 101 cases from Turkey (Turk-MISC study).

AIM: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may cause shock and even death in children. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical features, laboratory characteristics and outcome of children diagnosed with MIS-C in 25 different hospitals in Turkey. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted between 8 April and 28 October 2020 in 25 different hospitals from 17 cities. Data were collected from patients' medical records using a standardised form. Clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcomes according to different age groups, gender and body mass index percentiles were compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The study comprised 101 patients, median age 7 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4.6-9.3); 51 (50.5%) were boys. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was positive in 21/100 (21%) patients; 62/83 (74.6%) patients had positive serology for SARS-CoV-2. The predominant complaints were fever (100%), fatigue (n = 90, 89.1%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 81, 80.2%). Serum C-reactive protein (in 101 patients, median 165 mg/L; range 112-228), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (73/84, median 53 mm/s; IQR 30-84) and procalcitonin levels (86/89, median 5 µg/L; IQR 0.58-20.2) were elevated. Thirty-eight patients (37.6%) required admission to intensive care. Kawasaki disease (KD) was diagnosed in 70 (69.3%) patients, 40 of whom had classical KD. Most patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 92, 91%) and glucocorticoids (n = 59, 58.4%). Seven patients (6.9%) died. CONCLUSION: The clinical spectrum of MIS-C is broad, but clinicians should consider MIS-C in the differential diagnosis when persistent fever, fatigue and gastrointestinal symptoms are prominent. Most patients diagnosed with MIS-C were previously healthy. Immunomodulatory treatment and supportive intensive care are important in the management of cases with MIS-C. Glucocorticoids and intravenous immunoglobulins are the most common immunomodulatory treatment options for MIS-C. Prompt diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for optimal management.

The role of galactomannan test results in the diagnosis of pediatric invasive aspergillosis.

BACKGROUND: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. Early detection of the infection can improve prognosis in this patient population. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the utility of Aspergillus galactomannan antigen assay (GM-EIA) as a diagnostic tool for IA in at-risk paediatric patients. PATIENTS/METHODS: For the study, 659 GM-EIA results from 59 patients diagnosed with IA and 3368 GM-EIA results from 351 subjects without evidence for IA (controls) were reviewed retrospectively. Three cut-off values (i.e. ≥0.5, ≥1, ≥1.5) were specified to determine GM-EIA positivity. RESULTS: The median age was 6.3 years for boys and 14.5 years for girls. There was a significant difference between the girls and boys in terms of age (p < 0.01). For proven/probable/possible IA patients, sensitivity of 67.8% and specificity of 59.8% were detected when the ≥0.5 cut-off value was used for GM-EIA-positivity. The specificity increased to 80% at the cut-off of ≥1 and to 88% at the cut-off of ≥1.5. False positivity rates were 9.14, 3, and 1.45% at the ≥0.5, ≥1 and ≥1.5 cut-offs respectively. In the proven/probable IA group, sensitivity and negative predictive values were 86.9 and 97.2% at the ≥0.5 cut-off, 85.7 and 97.9%, at the ≥1 cut-off and 84.2 and 98.1% at ≥1.5 cut-off respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 7.57 and the odds ratio was 42.67 at ≥1.5 cut-off. CONCLUSION: The GM-EIA may be used for both screening and diagnostic purposes in paediatric patients using a cut-off value of ≥1.5 for GM-EIA positivity.

Importance of hyperbilirubinemia in differentiation of primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pediatric cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyper-inflammatory disease. It is difficult to differentiate between primary and secondary HLH based on clinical findings at the onset of disease. We aimed to find parameters that can help to differentiate primary and secondary HLH at initial diagnosis especially for physicians working in developing countries. PATIENT AND METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed data of 38 HLH patients who were admitted to the Pediatric Hematology Department of Gaziantep University between January 2009 and December 2013. RESULTS: Of 38 patients, 20 were defined as primary, and 18 were secondary HLH. The average age of primary and secondary HLH patients was 31±9 and 81±14 months, respectively (p=0.03). We found consanguinity rates significantly higher in primary HLH patients compared to secondary HLH patients (p=0.03). We found that total and direct bilirubin levels significantly increased in primary HLH patients compared to secondary HLH patients (p=0.006, p=0.044). Also, CRP levels were found markedly increased in secondary HLH patients compared to primary ones (p=0.017). CONCLUSION: We showed that cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia findings of HLH patients at the initial diagnosis should be considered in favor of primary HLH, and an increased level of CRP should be considered in favor of secondary HLH.

Asymmetrical crying face concomitant with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.

We report a case of a 3-month-old Turkish girl who had clinical and laboratory features of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia associated with asymmetric crying facies (ACF). Although ACF is a minor anomaly, it should not be forgotten that it can be accompanied by major congenital anomalies and if this finding is detected, other anomalies should be investigated.